They come
together each morning from the sloping forests. Some walk for more than an hour
along muddy footpaths past terraced farms stacked like soft green steps. Some
race their new motorbikes down narrow, cracked roads cut into the hillsides.
The team of young men and women wear ID cards on lanyards around
their necks and have that rarest of commodities in rural India, a company job.
They work mainly in data processing for a 3-year-old business
called B2R that is using the spread of the internet to transport
India's outsourcing boom from metropolitan Bangalore and the suburbs of New
Delhi to this speck of a farming village in the Himalayan foothills.
Before B2R arrived, Simayal was being drained of its bright young
men as they left for cities to search for work. Its women had little option but
to wed right out of school. Nearly everyone's survival was tied to the whim of
the rains and prayers for a strong harvest.
Now, men are staying. Some who left have returned. Many women have
put off marriage to work and are helping to support their families. Other new
businesses are opening up.
The 50 new jobs B2R created brought a "glimmer of hope"
to the 110 families in this cluster of farming hamlets barely touched by
India's economic transformation over the past two decades, said VK Madhavan,
who has spent the past eight years running Chirag, a local development
organisation.
Deepa Nayal's two sons persuaded the 47-year-old widow to retire
from her 1,890 rupee ($38) a month teaching job after they got hired. Mohan Singh
Bisht, 20, helped his family build a six-room house. Khasti Fartiyal, 22,
started paying for one of her sisters to go to college and bought an essential,
expensive piece of gold jewelry for another sister's wedding. Many bought
refrigerators, new clothes and motorbikes. Many are proud just to help buy
food.
"There's a buzz around the place that didn't exist
before," Madhavan said.
The B2R staff in Simayal work above an old flour mill in a maze of
rooms that had been intended as cramped housing for poor families. In the
narrow, long central office, staffers sitting at small computer desks lining
the walls work on a project for a legal publisher turning scans of court cases
into searchable databases. In another room, women take calls on behalf of a
family planning group. In another, staffers collect sales data for cellphone
companies. The kitchen has been turned into the server room.
Outside, a steady procession of women looking aged beyond their
years and dressed in threadbare clothes walk by carrying on their heads immense
stacks of firewood and animal fodder they collected during hours of foraging in
the forest. Their husbands and fathers tend to the apple and pear orchards.
B2R and a handful of similar firms are trying to offer an
alternative road map for Indian economic growth. With nearly 70 percent of the
population - 833 million people - living in rural areas and its cities already
overburdened, there is a limit to how quickly the nation can urbanise.
In the meantime, rural youth need jobs and poor infrastructure
makes it difficult for manufacturers to deliver them. But with an internet
connection, outsourcing companies can work anywhere.
"You get work over the internet, you work it over the
internet, you send it back over the internet," said Dhiraj Dolwani, CEO of
B2R. "It's a window to the world."
Less than 5 percent of rural Indians have ever used the internet
and many have never even heard of it, according to a recent study by the IMRB
market research firm. Half the staff in B2R's office here said they had never
seen a computer before this job.
The government is trying to change that, spending $6.5 billion to
lay fiber optic cable to each of the country's 250,000 towns. India's
innovation czar, Sam Pitroda, says it will open up a flood of rural development.
It can bring telemedicine to villages without doctors, better teaching tools to
remote schools and jobs in banking, insurance and other information fields to
towns currently dependent on agriculture.
The rural outsourcers are the pioneers. With just over 5,000 jobs,
they make up a tiny fraction of India's $16.9 billion outsourcing industry, but
trade group Nasscom estimates they will account for 84,000 jobs in
five years.
Rural Shores, one of the bigger companies, employs 1,300 employees
in 12 centers across eight states. By 2020, CEO Murali Vullaganti dreams of
employing 200 people in each of the nation's 500 rural districts.
"It may take a little longer, but that is our goal: 100,000
rural youth," he said.
B2R's Dolwani said he is doing nothing more than pushing forward
the entire premise of the outsourcing industry: Moving the work to where it can
be done cheapest.
Growing disillusioned with his former life as an executive at
urban outsourcing firms, Dolwani and a partner toyed with starting their own
company in the hills of the northern state of Uttarakhand, where they had
routinely vacationed to escape the city.
There was a ready supply of educated, frustrated youth, but could
they do proofreading and data entry? Dolwani passed around a book of short
stories by American teenage girls and gave an impromptu comprehension quiz to
local youths, whose mother tongue is Kumaoni, second language is Hindi and who
began studying English in the sixth grade. They had potential, he said.
B2R rented the only building of any real size in town and Dolwani
began what he assumed would be the long, costly process of connecting to a
faraway internet line.
The fiber optic cable, they were told, was running right under
their office, laid during an earlier programme to spread internet access, but
never turned on, Dolwani said.
"It was like a dead snake in the ground," he said.
While he waited months for the state-owned telecom company to
activate the line, he made do with achingly slow mobile data networks. Even
now, he uses a wireless system that operates over radio frequencies as a
backup.
They paid to upgrade the village's phone and electricity systems,
installed a generator to work through the daily power cuts, gave employees
intensive English and skills training and opened for business three years ago.
They replicated that plan in four other villages in the region, and employ
nearly 250 people in total.
The B2R workers begin each morning with a prayer, a regimen of
calisthenics, the national anthem and an ever-changing roster of games. Women
once too shy to speak in public in this conservative society, now tackle male
co-workers and talk trash during a raucous game of kabaddi. A few wear jeans in
place of the traditional baggy salwar kameez.
Jagdish Sanwal, who had left town to work for Nokia, came back for
B2R. Other men said they had been planning to leave when a job opened up. Most
of the women said that for the first time they had options other than marriage.
Families once wholly dependent on the vagaries of the harvest, now had a
reliable income.
As she peels garlic and watches field hockey on TV with her father
and brother, Shoba Bisht, 20, straddles the traditional woman's role of
domestic labour and the man's role of earning money and being doted on.
Her mother packs her lunch for work and gives her time to rest
after, but Bisht still helps cook dinner. She does laundry on her day off, but
no longer collects wood in the forest.
Two years ago when she was offered a B2R job, her brother laughed
and told her he would never let her take it.
"In my family, girls are not allowed to go out for
work," said Bisht, whose last name is common in the region.
Her mother forced him to relent.
Since then, her family has added
a wide brick kitchen and concrete living room to the small two mud rooms of its
house. They bought a TV. She paid hospital bills for her brother, kept her
family from having to borrow money at 60 percent interest from a loan shark
and, in anincredible role reversal, helped pay for
her brother's wedding.
Perhaps more stunning in a society where daughters are often viewed as
an economic burden, Bisht is putting money away to pay for her eventual dowry.
Dewan Singh Bisht said he turns to his daughter whenever there is
a financial emergency.
"I am very proud of her," he said.
Listening to her husband, Devki Bisht, 44, cries quietly as she
squats over an electric stove, heating milk for tea.
She wants her daughter to be independent, to have a better life.
"It's not just a man's right to go out and work," she
said.
Though they have talked about marrying her off, Devki Bisht now
says she is prepared to wait years for the right family, one that will let her
daughter keep working.
B2R faced some resistance when it moved into Simayal. Some
families didn't want their daughters to work with men. Local youth, angry they
didn't get jobs in the first round of screening, vandalised the office, Dolwani
said. The company held a town meeting to ease the tension, and now holds
similar gatherings before opening new centres.
It hopes to attract clients by charging at least 25 percent less
than urban competitors, Dolwani said.
Rent here is 15 times lower than in the city, electricity is
cheaper and with little competition for staff, turnover last year was just 4
percent. Urban outsourcers face 40 percent turnover, according to a report by
the Monitor Group.
While workers in the Delhi suburbs make about 8,000 rupees ($160)
a month, B2R's start at about 4,700 rupees ($95). Dolwani said the lower salary
is justified by the lower cost of living here, and many workers say they are
still saving significant portions of their salary.
The Monitor report puts that salary in line with that of other
rural outsourcers and significantly higher than many other rural jobs. However,
the report warns that future cost-cutting could create "digital
sweatshops."
Bhuwan Butholia, 28, who used to make 8,000 rupees ($160) with
overtime in an auto parts factory 150 kilometers (90 miles) away, said the
lower salary at B2R was a reasonable trade-off for being able to look after his
parents and live with his wife and 5-month-old baby.
His mother disagreed.
"We were poor. We are still poor," said Hira Devi, 58.
While internet-based companies like B2R can provide some relief in
poor farming areas, few believe it will eliminate India's need to build up
urban infrastructure and attract more of its people to the economic hubs in the
cities.
"It would go against almost all patterns of settlement. This
idea that India can be a very developed nation and have half its people living
in its villages... to my mind it's kind of romantic. Maybe this stuff happens,
but it's unlikely," said Partha Mukhopadhyay, a senior research fellow at
Delhi's Center for Policy Research.
Still, the impact of bringing respectable jobs into the village
has been enormous, said Madhavan, from the local development group. Other young
people have come up with ideas for setting up their own businesses. Some
families are adding rooms to houses to rent out to B2R workers who live too far
away to commute. And directly across from the office has risen a mini-mall with
snack shop, luncheonette and welding shop. It's a sign, Madhavan said, of faith
in the future.
"You couldn't imagine this as a possibility five years
ago," he said. "But today it's happened."
